Common Corneal Diseases: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

The eyes are one of the most important sense organs. The cornea is the clear dome-shaped surface covering the eye, contributing to 65-75% of the eye's focusing power

However, several conditions can inhibit the proper functioning of the eye. Corneal diseases result from infections, wounds, hereditary conditions, or degenerative reasons, frequently manifesting symptoms such as pain, discomfort, and vision problems. Let's learn more about common corneal diseases, their symptoms, and management strategies.

What Is a Corneal Disease?

Corneal disease is a group of conditions that affect the cornea. It can be caused by infections, injuries, genetic factors, or degenerative conditions. Corneal diseases often result in symptoms such as pain, blurred sight, redness, and light sensitivity. Early detection and treatment are essential to prevent severe vision loss. Below, we will see the most common corneal diseases.

1. Keratitis

In simple terms, keratitis is “inflammation of the cornea”. The reasons can range from infections, injuries, and accidents to causes such as prolonged use of contact lenses. With prompt treatment and care, mild to moderate keratitis can be cured without loss of vision

Symptoms

• Eye redness and pain.
• Blurred vision.
• Sensitivity to light.
• The feeling of a foreign object in the eye.
• Tearing or discharge.

Causes

• Bacterial infections are often due to poor contact lens hygiene.
• Viral infections, such as the herpes simplex virus.
• Fungal infections from injuries involving plant material.
• Parasitic infections, notably Acanthamoeba, are caused by contaminated water.

2.  Keratoconus

This progressive condition causes the cornea to thin and bulge outward, becoming cone-shaped. It typically affects both eyes. This corneal disease symptom includes distorted vision, glare, and halos around lights. Keratoconus often starts in the teenage years and progresses slowly

Symptoms

• Blurred or distorted vision.
• Increased light and glare sensitivity.
• Frequent changes in eyeglass prescriptions.
• Difficulty with night vision.

Causes

• Genetic predisposition.
• Constant rubbing of eyes.
•  Certain medical conditions, such as Down syndrome and connective tissue disorders.

3.  Corneal Ulcers

These are open sores on the surface of the cornea, usually caused by infections or injuries. If left untreated, they can be extremely painful and lead to vision problems.

Symptoms

• Intense eye pain and redness.
• Blurred vision.
• Tearing and discharge.
• Sensitivity to light.
• A visible white or gray spot on the cornea.

Causes

• Bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections.
• Corneal injuries or abrasions
• Severe dry eyes.
• Immune system disorders.

4.  Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy

This hereditary condition affects the inner layer of the cornea. As the disease progresses, the cornea loses its ability to pump fluids, causing swelling and blurry vision. In this condition, the cornea’s innermost layer deteriorates.

Symptoms

• Blurry vision on waking up
• Glare and halos around lights.
• Painful blisters on the cornea (in advanced stages).

Causes

• Hereditary reasons
• Age (generally 50 or above)

5.  Corneal Dystrophies

Corneal dystrophies are a group of genetic eye disorders that cause abnormal material accumulation in the cornea. The specific type of dystrophy determines the location and severity of the deposits, and symptoms can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition.

Symptoms

• Blurred vision.
• Light sensitivity.
• Eye discomfort or pain.
• Recurrent corneal erosions.

Causes

• Corneal dystrophies are genetic conditions that affect different layers of the cornea.

Treatment Options for Corneal Diseases

It is important to seek early intervention for corneal disease treatment. Once a condition is accurately diagnosed, various treatments are available, tailored to address infections, reduce inflammation, and repair corneal damage. Let us see some of these options below:

• Medications: Antibiotic, antiviral, or antifungal eye drops are useful for infections.
• Corneal cross-linking: This procedure strengthens corneal tissue to halt the progression of keratoconus.
• Contact lenses: Special lenses to correct vision in conditions like keratoconus.
• Corneal transplants: A donor cornea may replace a damaged cornea for severe cases of corneal dystrophies or ulcers.
• Topical steroids: They reduce inflammation in conditions like keratitis.

Preventing Corneal Diseases and Eye Care Tips

The best way to manage corneal diseases is through prevention. By being aware of the symptoms and taking preventive measures, you can reduce your risk of developing these conditions or experiencing vision loss. Some essential tips are:

• Regular eye exams: Schedule comprehensive eye exams with your ophthalmologist at least once a year.
• Proper contact lens hygiene: Always follow proper lens care instructions, clean your lenses regularly, and replace them as recommended.
• UV protection: Wear sunglasses that block UVA and UVB rays to shield your eyes from sun damage.
• Avoid eye injuries: Wear protective eyewear when engaging in sports or activities that could injure your eyes.

Managing Corneal Diseases and Protecting the Eyes

The eyes are delicate organs that are exposed to pollution and damage. The cornea is the outermost layer and the most prone to eye diseases. It is important to protect them and take proper steps to heal and prevent any infection, injury, or inflammation. Early detection of corneal diseases can aid in promoting eye safety and healthier vision.

Remagin: Secure Your Vision with Effective Corneal Disease Treatment

At Remagin, we aim to help you secure your vision and keep your eyes healthy. Our provider, Deepak Raja, MD, is highly experienced in treating various eye-related conditions, including dry eyes, cataracts, allergies, and corneal diseases. Find comprehensive care and customized treatment plans to keep your eyes happy and healthy. Contact us today to learn more.